In India, the First Information Report (FIR) is one of the most important steps in the criminal justice process. It is the document that records the very first account of a crime that has come to the attention of the police. When an offence occurs, whether it’s theft, assault, harassment, or any other cognizable crime, the FIR becomes the foundation on which the investigation and prosecution are built. It marks the beginning of the formal legal process, allowing the state machinery to take action.
What is an FIR?
An FIR, short for First Information Report, is a written document prepared by the police when they receive information about the commission of a cognizable offence, that is, a serious offence for which the police can act without a magistrate’s approval (for instance, murder, rape, kidnapping, or theft). Filing an FIR is not just a bureaucratic formality—it is a citizen’s right. It ensures that a record of the incident exists and that an appropriate investigation can follow.
Who Can File an FIR?
An FIR can be filed by:
- The victim of the crime,
- An eyewitness,
- Any person who has knowledge about the offence, or
- In some cases, even the accused person themselves can inform the police about the incident.
You do not have to be directly affected by the crime to report it. If you are aware that a cognizable offense has taken place, you can go to the nearest police station and request that it be recorded.
Where to file an FIR
An FIR can be filed at any police station, not just the one under whose jurisdiction the crime occurred. This is known as filing a “Zero FIR.” It allows a person to report the crime anywhere, after which the case can be transferred to the appropriate police station. This provision exists to ensure that people are not turned away because of jurisdictional issues, especially in cases of urgency like sexual assault or kidnapping.
Step-by-step: How to file an FIR
Approach the Police Station
When you reach the police station, you’ll be directed to the duty officer or officer-in-charge. They are responsible for recording complaints and ensuring they are properly entered into the system.
Give Information About the Incident
You can share the details of the offence either verbally or in writing.
If you narrate it verbally, the officer will write it down.
If you prefer to submit it in writing, make sure you prepare two copies, one for the police to retain and one for yourself.
In both cases, the officer will make an entry in the daily diary (also called the general diary), assigning a Daily Diary (DD) number to your complaint. This number acts as initial proof that your complaint has been received.
Ensure the FIR Is Registered
After hearing your account, the officer will determine whether the information indicates a cognizable offence. If it does, an FIR must be registered without delay. Once recorded, the officer will read the details back to you to ensure accuracy. You should carefully verify all facts—names, dates, and descriptions—before signing.
Obtain a Copy and Note Key Details
After signing, ask for a copy of the FIR. It is your legal right under Section 154(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC).
Make sure you record the following details for your reference:
- FIR number
- Date and time of registration
- Name and location of the police station
- Name and designation of the officer who recorded it
- The copy should bear a stamp and the DD number, confirming that it has been officially registered. Keep this copy safely, as it will be required for any follow-up action or legal proceedings.
Information to include in the FIR
While filing, try to include as much information as possible:
- The date, time, and place of the incident
- A brief description of what happened
- The names or identifying details of the accused (if known)
- The names of witnesses, if any
- Any evidence or supporting documents available
However, don’t worry if you do not have complete information. The law does not require you to know every detail before filing. What matters is that the information you provide is truthful and sufficient to indicate that an offence has occurred.
Why filing an FIR matters
Registering an FIR ensures that the crime is officially recognised and investigated. Without an FIR, the police cannot begin their inquiry, collect evidence, or make arrests. It also provides legal accountability, ensuring that your complaint cannot be ignored or dismissed informally.
In cases involving women, such as sexual harassment or assault, special provisions exist. A woman can request that her statement be recorded by a female police officer, and if she is unable to go to the station, the police are required to visit her location to record the complaint.
What if the police refuse to file an FIR?
If the police officer refuses to register your FIR, you are not without options. You can:
- Write to the Superintendent of Police (SP) of the district with all relevant details.
- Send your complaint by post or email and keep proof of submission.
- Approach a Judicial Magistrate under Section 156(3) of the CrPC, requesting that the police be directed to register your case.
- Refusal to register a cognizable offence can result in disciplinary action against the concerned officer.
Final pointers
Always keep copies of all communication with the police.
Note the FIR number and date for future reference.
Be clear and specific in your statement, but avoid exaggeration or speculation.
Follow up regularly to ensure the investigation is progressing.
In summary
Filing an FIR is a fundamental right and civic responsibility. It ensures that the justice system is activated and that offences do not go unreported. While the process might seem procedural, every step, from narrating your experience to collecting the stamped copy, strengthens the case and protects your rights.
An informed citizen is an empowered one. Understanding how to file an FIR means understanding how to hold systems accountable—and that is the first step toward justice.